Team project bragging plan Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Team project bragging plan - Coursework Example This must be computed by choosing between the higher rate between the regular step rate for his/her job position and initial step of other classification. Employee is paid 2 times the normal time in case they seek overtime. Any work past 40 hours is considered overtime. However, employees are not allowed to work more than 40 hours as their overtime. The union is not supposed to use overtime as an excuse to reduce the work time for employer. Sick leave accumulates pay credits for the whole employment month. It is scheduled 9-10 hours per week. For personal leaves, the scheduled hours per week are 37-40. The bereavement leave is allowed for 7 days, voting has 1 day leave and family leave happens for three months. Medical leave has no probation. Â  The union allows workers in HR, financial department, IT department, and other interior workers national holiday’s day off due to flexibility of their work. However, other workers such as housekeeper, front desk receiver, and kitchen department maximum of 1/3 holiday leave as their work is inevasible in holidays. The union pays workers working 2/3 of the public holiday annually with overtime benefits during the public

The role of tourism in development (economic environmental - social Essay

The role of tourism in development (economic environmental - social and culture) - Essay Example It is further divided into different section headings and focusing on all the factors that play their role in the development of tourism in the country. The main focus of this research is on the study of the role of tourism in the development of the country, on the economic, social, environmental and culture aspects of the countries that are both developed and under developed. Research is a term that is used in our everyday life but every research needs some strong substance data to support itself Research is considered to be systematic way of collecting data and then conducting its analysis and giving conclusion and recommendations based on the findings (Thornhill et al 2007). Why this writer mention two times? Basic research has its main focus towards the expansion of the knowledge processes of businesses while the applied research has its focus towards understanding a particular problem well of the business or any management. This research is more inclined towards both the elements of basic research and applied as it involves in gaining insight of the issue and then understanding its implications and developments. The main questions that need to be answered while in the development of its strategy is whether the research is having an exploratory nature, a descriptive nature or an explanatory nature. The exploratory research is useful if the problem identified needs a clarified understanding of the (Thornhill et al 2007). The studies of the descriptive nature require the accurate profiles of the people or events for the causal relationship to be developed between the various variables This research attempts to investigate the role of the development of tourism in the developed and under developed countries and what impact it gives on the economical, environmental, social and cultural impacts on the country. Therefore, exploratory research is applied and also some elements of descriptive research also exist. There

Community Safety Initiatives | Evaluation

Community Safety Initiatives | Evaluation INTRODUCTION Purpose of this paper is to discuss the main problems confronting those who must evaluate community safety initiatives. In order to do this, the paper first provides an overview of the problem. This is followed by an analysis of support and initiative by governments, technical difficulties, access to data, political pressure, and utilisation. COMMUNITY SAFETY EVALUATION The initial challenge facing every community safety initiative is to meet crime reduction targets whilst also implementing preventative measures to ensure long-term reductions in crime and disorder. Arguably, high quality evaluation can play a role in this as it can help better understand what works and how it works (Morton 2006). According to AG (2007), evaluation is concerned with making value-based judgments about a program. Mallock and Braithwaite (2005:4) define evaluation as â€Å"the systematic examination of a policy, program or project aimed at assessing its merit, value, worth, relevance or contribution†. Any evidence of the benefits and impact of initiatives will help to influence local partners in commissioning decisions. However, according to Morton (2006), some evaluators have been more able to undertake evaluations than others. As Read and Tilley (2000) claim, evaluation stage continues to be a major weakness of a community safety program. Proper evaluations of community safety initiatives are rare (Community Safety Centre 2000). According to Rhodes (2007), a range of policies and programs has been established with the aim of achieving greater community participation and involvement leading to increased community capacity. However there has been little evaluation of this approach or the specific programs. Read and Tilley (2000) also claim that there is relatively little systematic evaluation and a shortage of good evaluations. Moreover, what is available is generally weak. According to AG (2007), the reasons for the lack of evaluation of community safety programs have not been studied extensively, but social, political and financial considerations are likely to have a strong influence. Evaluation studies consume resources, and therefore are competing for the limited resources available and must be justified by the value of the information which they provide. There are also several other relevant factors including the limited knowledge and experience of evaluation theory and practice of many program managers and organisers. In addition, evaluation evidence is often seen as bad news since program objectives tend to be over-optimistic and hence are rarely fully met; a situation that evaluation might expose. LACK OF SUPPORT AND INITIATIVE According to Community Safety Centre (2000), little time and resources are available for conducting evaluation. When evaluation does occur, the size does matter. It can depend on how large the partnership is as to the resources that they have available for evaluation (Cherney and Sutton 2004). Often in small partnerships no money is put aside for evaluation. Since majority of serious evaluations are going to be expensive, this can particularly be a problem for small projects where a good evaluation may take up a relatively large proportion of the project budget. Thus, very often people will argue that this is an unnecessary cost. Furthermore, practitioners very often feel that they can themselves quiet easily tell whether or not something has been a success. Community Safety Centre (2000) concludes that recommendations that something works, by people who were involved in implementing the initiative, are often based on relatively weak evaluation evidence commonly relying on more gener al impressions that are usually not objective enough. In Australia, for example, neither central nor regional government has so far encouraged evaluators to undertake their own evaluation (Cherney and Sutton 2004). Community Safety Centre (2000) and Morton (2006) also claim that there is a lack of commitment from central government and local agencies, arguing that the problem lies in attracting and maintaining involvement of people and agencies that really are not interested in crime prevention or community safety. According to Morton (2006), evaluators have only been required to produce quarterly reports with milestones for the future and not to undertake a real reflection on a project, including writing a review on the project and analysing available data. All evaluators have to do is monitor whether money is being spent on outputs. Read and Tilley (2000) argue that there is little attention paid to how initiatives may have had their effects. There is not enough investment or requirement for evaluation. According to Varone, Jacob and De Winter (2005), policy evaluation is an underdeveloped tool of Belgian public governance. They claim that it is partitocracy, weakness of Parliament vis-à  -vis the government, and the federalisation process that is characteristic of the recent institutional evolution of the country, that jeopardise the development of a mature evaluation culture. TECHNICAL DIFFUCULTIES Evaluators might find barriers at each of the evaluation steps, including problem formulation, design of instruments, research deign, data collection, data analysis, findings and conclusions and utilisation (Hagan 2000). In respect to problem formulation, evaluation researchers are often in a hurry to get on with the task without thoroughly grounding the evaluation in the major theoretical issues in the field. Glaser and Zeigler (1974) claim that much of what is regarded as in-house evaluations has been co opted and is little more than head counting or the production of tables for annual reports. Further problem is the absence of standardised definitions. The confusion over definitions has not only impeded communication among researchers and, more importantly, between researchers and practitioners, but also has hindered comparisons and replications of research studies. Furthermore, although evaluators would prefer control over treatment and a classic experimental design, with random assignment of cases to experimental and control groups, this seldom happens. In many instances it is very difficult to find organisations that would be willing to undergo experimentation, particularly if it involves the denial of certain treatments (control group) to some clients. The program planners and staff may resists randomisation as means of allocations treatments, arguing for assignment based on need or merit. The design may not be correctly carried out, resulting in nonequivalent experimental and control groups. The design may break down as some people refuse to participate or drop out of different treatment groups (experimental mortality). Some feel that randomised designs create focused inequality because some groups receive treatment others desire and thus can cause reactions that could be confused with treatments. Much of the bemoaning concerning the inadequacy of research design in evaluation methodology has arisen because of an over-commitment to experimental designs, and a deficient appreciation of the utility of post hoc controls by means of multivariety statistical techniques. It may be that more rapid progress can be made in the evolution of preventive programs if research designs are based on statistical rather than experimental model. One major difficulty in evaluation research is in procuring adequate control groups. In respect to data collection, one principal shortcoming of much evaluation research has been its over reliance on questionnaires as the primary means of data gathering. Program supporters will jump on methodological or procedural problems in any evaluation that comes to a negative conclusion. Hagan (2000) also lists other obstacles to evaluation, including unsound and poorly done data analysis, unethical evaluations, naive and unprepared evaluation staff, and poor relationships between evaluation and program staff. Community Safety Centre (2000) argues that, unlike experimental researchers, evaluators often have difficulty comparing their experimental groups with a control group. Although evaluators might attempt to find a similar group to compare with, it is usually impossible to apply the ideal experimental rigor of randomly allocating individuals to an experimental condition and a control condition. According to AG (2007), those responsible for commissioning or conducting evaluation studies also need to take account of the local social, cultural and political context if the evaluations are to produce evidence that is not only useful, but used. According to Morton (2006), some evaluators have stressed their incompetence, claming that they do not know how to undertake evaluation. Schuller (2004) has referred to the lack of accuracy in their predictions, partly due to a lack of post-auditing information. She further argues that evaluators apply a narrow scope that stresses well-established knowledge of local impacts, whilst underplaying wider geographical, systematic, or time factors. Evaluation research can be a complex and difficult task (Community Safety Centre 2000). Evaluators are often described by a lack of control over, and even knowledge of, wide range of factors which may or may not impact on the performance indicators. While evaluating a single crime prevention initiative may be difficult enough, evaluating a full community safety project may be many times more complicated. The intervention package often impacts beyond the target area and this impact needs to be anticipated. As an additional complication, evaluation research can itself have an impact on the outcome of an initiative. A secondary role of the audit process is to raise awareness and build support for the initiative in the affected community. ACCESS TO DATA A commonly reported problem with evaluation has been access to relevant data (Morton 2006). Morton (2006) claims that it is often hard to get good baseline data against which to evaluate a project, mainly because procedures and resources for appropriate multi-agency data collection and mapping are not in place. Often the relevant data is not recorded or collated across services and analysed together to give a complete picture of the problem. Furthermore, partnerships often lack appropriate analytical skills to use quantitative data (Morton 2006). According to Hagan (2000), if proper data for evaluation are absent and clear outcomes or criteria of organisational success are absent, then a proper evaluation cannot be undertaken. The success of the entire evaluation process hinges on the motivation of the administrator and organisation in calling for an evaluation in the first place. It should be possible to locate specific organisational objectives that are measurable. The key assumptions of the program must be stated in a form which can be tested objectively. However, this often does not happen in practice. POLITICAL PRESSURE Political pressure can present another problem for evaluators. Administrators often want to spend all the funding available on implementation as opposed to evaluation (Morton 2006). Thus, being aware of the political context of a program is a precondition for useable evaluation research (AG 2007). Evaluation research requires the active support and cooperation of the agency or program to be evaluated (Hagan 2000). However, the program administrator’s desire to reaffirm his or her position with favorable program evaluations may conflict with the evaluator’s desire to acquire an objective appraisal of a program’s impact. The end result may be either a research design with low scientific credibility and tainted results, or a credible study that never receives a public hearing because the administrator does not like the results. According to Read and Tilley (2000), few evaluations are independent and evidence is used selectively. There is undue satisfaction with redu ction as an indicator that the initiative was effective without attention to alternative explanations, or to possible side-effects. They further argue that 84% of evaluations they studied were conducted by the initiative coordinator or staff, and only 9% were by an independent external evaluator. Thus, it is challenging for partnerships to persuade for funding to be put aside for evaluation. Evaluator’s job is also affected by balancing the need to be strategic and pressure to produce â€Å"runs on the board† by local authorities and central agencies, as well as the greater value placed on â€Å"projects† compared to â€Å"planning† within local authorities (Cherney and Sutton 2004). According to Hagan (2000), even the best laid evaluation plans can â€Å"bite the dust† in the â€Å"high noon† of political reality. In discussing the politicisation of evaluation research, Hagan (2000) points out the incasing political nature of evaluations as they are increasingly used to decide the future of programs. According to him, part of the administrator’s concern about evaluation research comes from the dilemma that research creates for him. The evaluation process casts him in contradictory roles. On the one hand, he is the key person in the agency, and the success of its various operations, including evaluation, depends on his knowledge and involvement. On the other hand, evaluation carries the potentiality of discrediting an administratively sponsored program or of undermining a position the administrator has taken. MURPHY’S LAW Hagan (2000) applies Murphy’s Law to evaluation research, clearly indicated barriers that evaluator faces. In relation to evaluation design: the resources needed to complete the evaluation will exceed the original projection by a factor of two. after an evaluation has been completed and is believed to control for all relevant variables, others will be discovered and rival hypothesis will multiply geometrically the necessity of making a major decision change increases as the evaluation project nears completion. In relation to evaluation management: the probability of a breakdown in cooperation between the evaluation project and an operational agency is directly proportional to the trouble it can cause. if staying on schedule is dependent on a number of activities which may be completed before or after an allotted time interval, the total time needed will accumulate in the direction of becoming further and further behind schedule. In relation to data collection: the availability of data element is inversely proportional to the need for that element historical baseline data will be recorded in units or by criteria other than present or future records none of the available self-report formats will work as well as you expect In relation to data analysis and interpretation: in a mathematical calculation, any error that can creep in, will. It will accumulate in the direction that will do the most damage to the results of the calculation. the figure that is most obviously correct will be the source of error if an analysis matrix requires â€Å"n† data elements to make the analysis easy and logical, there will always be â€Å"n-1† available. When tabulating data, the line totals and the column totals should up to the grand total; they won’t In relation to presentation of evaluation findings: the more extensive and thorough the evaluation the less likely the findings will be used by decision makers. UTILISATION Evaluator is often approaching his or her job knowing that evaluation results are often not appropriately utilised. This might significantly impact his or her performance. Hagan (2000) claims that evaluations have not been effectively utilised, and that much of this waste is due to passive bias and censorship within the field itself, which prevent the publication of weaker, less scientific findings, and to misplace client loyalty. Cherney and Sutton (2004) argue that there has been a lack of status and authority within the overall structure of local government to facilitate change in polices and practices. Furthermore, there are agencies and units both within local authorities and externally who are unwilling to be held accountable for community safety outcomes. According to Schuller (2004), there has been inadequate organisation, scheduling and institutional integration into the overall decision-making process, with impact assessment often undertaken towards the end. It has also bee n suggested that the most pertinent issue may be, not to predict accurately, but to define appropriate goals, and then set up the organisation that can effectively adapt and audit the project to achieve goals. CONCLUSION The paper has discussed the main problems confronting those who must evaluate community safety initiatives, looking at the issues of support and initiative, technical difficulties, access to data, political pressure, and low utilisation. Proper evaluations of community safety initiatives are rare. Little time and resources is available for conducting evaluation and there is a lack of commitment from government and local agencies. Barriers have been experienced throughout the evaluation process, including problem formulation, design of instruments, research deign, data collection, data analysis, findings and conclusions and utilisation. Further barriers have been presented by lack of focus on the local social, cultural and political context. Some evaluators have even stressed their incompetence, claming that they do not know how to undertake evaluation. Relevant data is often not recorded or collated to give a complete picture of the problem. Political pressure also presents a signifi cant problem as administrators find themselves in contradictory roles. Furthermore, they often want to spend all the funding available on implementation as opposed to evaluation. Finally, evaluation results have not been effectively utilised, which can have a significant negative impact on evaluators. BIBLIOGRAPHY Australian Government Attorney Generals Department (AG). (2007). â€Å"Conceptual Foundations of Evaluation Models†. Cherney, A and Sutton, A. (2004). Aussie Experience: local government community safety officers and capacity building†. Community Safety Journal, Vol.3, Iss.3, pg.31. Community Safety Centre (2000). â€Å"Research and Evaluation†. Community Safety research and Evaluation Bulletin†. No.1. Glaser, D. and Zeigler, M.S. (1974). â€Å"The Use of the Death Penalty v. the Outrage at Murder†. Crime and Delinquency, pp.333-338. Hagan, F.E. (2000). â€Å"Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology (eds)†. Allyn and Bacon. Mallock, N.A. and Braithwaite, J. (2005). â€Å"Evaluation of the Safety Improvement Program in New South Wales: study no.9†. University of New South Wales. Morton, S. (2006). â€Å"Community Safety in Practice – the importance of evaluation†. Community Safety Journal, Vol.5, Iss.1, pg.12. Read, T and Tilley, N. (2000). â€Å"Not Rocket Science? Problem-solving and crime reduction†. Crime Reduction Research Series Paper 6, Home Office. Rhodes, A. (2007). â€Å"Evaluation of Community Safety Policies and Programs†. RMIT University. Schuller, N. (2004). â€Å"Urban Growth and Community Safety: developing the impact assessment approach†. Community Safety Journal, Vol.3, Iss.4, pg.4. Varone, F., Jacob, S., De Winter, L. (2005). â€Å"Polity, Politics and Policy Evaluation in Belgium†. Evaluation, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp.253-273.

DJ Scratch Info :: essays research papers

Turntablism - The art of manipulating/restructuring previously existing phonograph recordings to produce new, musically creative combinations of sounds using turntables and a mixer. Hamster Style - Normally a DJ setup would be configured with the right turntable playing on the right channel of the mixer and the left turntable playing on the left channel of the mixer. With a hamster style setup, however, the opposite is true. The right turntable plays through the left channel, and the left turntable plays through the right channel. Many DJs find it more comfortable to scratch hamster style since to do many moves it is easier to bounce the fader off of the side of the fader slot using your multiple fingers rather than your thumb. Personally I think that hamster style seems more conducive to flaring and doing continuous crabs. DJ members of the Bullet Proof Scratch Hamsters/Space Travellers crew are most commonly recognized as the first DJs to practice/demonstrate this style thus giving it the nickname "hamster" style. There are two ways to achieve this mixer configuration. One is to physically hook your turntables up to the opposite channels where they c ome into the back of your mixer, and the other is with a hamster switch. Normally a hamster switch only reverses your crossfader's configuration, while physically reversing your turntable cables reverses the crossfader and volume faders' configuration. Hamster Switch - A switch on a mixer that reverses the crossfader without reversing the volume faders so that you can scratch hamster style without physically hooking up the turntables to different channels on the back of the mixer. Baby Scratch - The simplest of scratches, the baby scratch is performed without the use of the crossfader by simple moving the record back and forth. A simple example would be one forward stroke, and one backward stroke (or vice versa) in sequence. Forward and Backward Scratches - Forward and backward scratches are also fairly simple scratches but unlike the baby scratch they are performed using the fader to cut the sound in and out. As an example, to perform 2 forward scratches you would just do two baby scratches with your record hand using your fader hand to cut the sound in when you move the record forward both times and out while you're pulling the record back both times so that all you hear are the 2 forward strokes.

Hello Walmart

Hello, Wal-Mart? Ashford University BUS644 Operation Management Dr. Ronald Beach November 26, 2011 Hello, Wal-Mart? It is very common for everyone that lives in a small town to get all their groceries at Wal-Mart. During the last 50 years of creation, from a small town on Arkansas, Wal-Mart became the biggest retail company of the world. At this time, this company is one of the major employers of the world and has more than 4,000 stores just in America. It is very difficult for a small business to compete with this company.Now before going forward, it is very important to understand how Wal-Mart operates. The main strategy of their operation is getting the cheaper supplies and sells their products a very low price to the customers. Another of their strategies is to centralize all kinds of products in one store. The key element for this business is to analyze the market considerations when they open a new location. There are tools to help companies to find out the best location. For e xample, according to Stevenson (2011, P. 48), â€Å"Geographic Information Systems is a computer based tool for collecting, storing, retrieving, and displaying demographic data on maps†. Now that we know this, let’s analyze the following disadvantages of opening a new Wal-Mart in a small town. Disadvantages for owners of small business located nearby are several. Let’s start by mentioning that small towns are surrounded by and full of small business that support the local economy and employ the local population.With the presence of Wal-Mart, small businesses that offer similar products will be obligated to reduce their price to the minimum in order to compete with the big retail company. According to Dartmouth College, in 2009, they conducted a study that indicates the â€Å"the impact a Wal-Mart store has on a local business is correlated to its distance from that store. The leader of that study admits that this factor is stronger in smaller towns†. Wal- Mart is using what people call predatory pricing. Wal-Mart buys products from cheaper suppliers; this issue hurts the local suppliers and local economy.Small businesses will be obligated to reduce their price to the minimum if they want to compete. All the money that small businesses will generate goes to local banks and stays in the community; in the case of Wal-Mart, this money goes to the main banks in other towns or cities, and the bottom line is this money does not stay in the area. According to the Institute of Local Self Reliance as Wal-Mart expanded small business retails dropped more than 39% and many small businesses are now closed.Let’s imagine this town a few years later with all these small business closed and for any reason Wal-Mart has to leave the town. The consequences will be catastrophic. Another point to take in consideration is the possibility that Wal-Mart is doing a monopoly of the sales in the small towns. With their aggressive campaign of reducing pri ces to the lowest minimum, and disappearing small businesses, they are obligating the consumers to only go to Wal-Mart for their needs. The disadvantages from the town residents and the residents of nearby towns are also several.Let’s start to mention the impact of a new Wal-Mart store in the life of these residents. Earlier it was mentioned how small business were, in many times, obligated to close. These issues have a direct impact in the life of the residents, since these small businesses contract local people. People are forced to, in many cases, to leave the town because they cannot afford the costs of living. Wal-Mart only can hire a smaller group of people than many small businesses together.After all, the only place to work will be at Wal-Mart and without a competitor they will mandate the wage pay and the benefits of their employees. When small businesses are closed they destroy the moral and the way of life of the community. When these businesses close, residents wi ll lose their livelihood. Many of these new Wal-Mart stores get the land at very cheap price; they bring with them traffic, delinquency, and a big reduction of price in the land of the residents surrounding these stores; all this translate as a big reduction of taxes that these small tows will receive.According to the Institute of Local Self Reliance â€Å"many studies have found that when locally owned business are displaced by Wal-Mart, the participation and voter turnout falls, the number of active nonprofit organizations drop and residents are less likely to know and interact with their neighbors†. Now after hearing all the arguments of these two groups, it is time for Wal-Mart representative to respond to all these allegations and propose some of the advantages to open a new store in a small town.The first thing to analyze is that where ever a Walmart is, residents of that town and nearby towns are finding a big reduction in the cost of their products. Another of the goo d things that Wal-Mart will bring to the town is a good market ideas and competition. Owners that bring good ideas can benefit of the presence of a big store like Wal-Mart. There is a main factor here, with an economy like the present, a store like Wal-Mart will bring to the town lower prices for the customers, a reduction of transportation, and an increase of jobs for the community.When we talk about transportation, it means to drive less to find all the products in the same place. When we talk about jobs, it means new jobs for the residents close to the store. One of the more important arguments to favor Wal-Mart is the support of the community through programs by their customers. References Stevenson, W. J. (2011). Operation management (11th ed). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Retrieved from http://www. ilsr. org Retrieved from http://articles. chicagotribune. com/2010-07-04/business/ct-biz-0704-soda-wars-20100703_1_chicago-wal-mart-costco-and-wal-mart-pricing

Environmental Education Essay

David W. Orr delves deeper into Rethinking Education. as he relates to the importance and reason of education and this affirms the six principles that serve as guides to rethinking of education. One of these is the contention that the goal of education is not mastery of subject matter but the mastery of one’s self. Having the power of knowledge means that it must be well-used. Included here also is the contention that one cannot claim that he/she knows something unless he understands the effects of this kind of knowledge on actual people as well as actual communities. Learning is also a process and not just an end product of something (Orr, D. (May/June, 1999) People who are geographically informed must understand how humans should live in different kinds of physical environments. They are not confined to the familiar mid-latitudes but also those that seem less conducive to settlement such as the Arctic and the Equatorial rain forest. It is important that they are equipped with the necessary knowledge of how the physical features of these environments play in shaping human activities. The physical environment differs in their carrying capacity. People sometimes fail to understand this which leads to environmental disaster. For example, cyclical environmental change, especially in semiarid environments, can give particular problems for humans which again can lead to desertification, famine, and mass migration, just as what happened in the Sahel of north-central Africa. Man has to comprehend that the relationship between any environment and its inhabitants is mediated by decisions about how much to consume and in what ways to consume. Water needs to be conserved properly and proper recycling can have critical effects on patterns of environmental use. Good teacher must learn how to motivate, inspire, be led and lead, while making the environment safe for risks and mistakes. They must also demonstrate the ability to lead by example, ethically, morally and purposefully. Good educators regularly communicate the vision and empower the culture within the organization. They continue to build trust and lead the challenges of a constantly changing workplace and society. They understand that it is necessary to incorporate balance not only in the lives of others, but their own as well. This encourages their students to think about life and work differently. The success of a well-managed organization is dependent on one’s ability to organize, direct and motivate the efforts of the individuals. An effective coach needs to know the interplay of all theories of management into action in order to be successful as a whole. Students and young people need to be introduced into various cultures around the world in the framework of a â€Å"melting pot perspective† and cultural relativism (Cushner, McClelland, & Safford, p. 68-70). This would require a new set up or a reorganization of schooling to further illuminate young people on how to assimilate world consciousness as they engage in it through the Internet. Young people must be taught how to accept values and cultures by either assimilating them or by just respecting them as they are. There should be more cultural understanding between people around the world and it is best being taught as school subjects. If more and more people are properly oriented with the language, religion, belief system and other cultural elements of other nations, I guess we would feel more connected with one another and we will be more culturally sensitive and accepting of other fellows. This cultural orientation should also be strengthened by historical and social courses about these other nations. We already have these subjects now but these lack focus and emphasis on its global connections or the links between histories of various nations, their cultures and the global events that unfold and what we ordinarily share in a multicultural technological setting. Educational policy must be able to answer the needs of people. For instance, people need to overcome some of the life chances which had been experienced by parents. Teachers need to be aware4 of children who needs special nurturing because they show special talent in areas where the school progressed (Aitkin, 2005). However, the usual problem is that people seldom find it easy to start from scratch. Society is able to address the performance of these young people No matter what the space provided, the surface of the earth demonstrates the physical diversity in terms of soil, climates, vegetation, and topography. These factors affect the range of environmental contexts for people. People who are geographically informed must understand how humans should live in different kinds of physical environments. They are not confined to the familiar mid-latitudes but also those that seem less conducive to settlement such as the Arctic and the Equatorial rain forest. It is important that they are equipped with the necessary knowledge of how the physical features of these environments play in shaping human activities. I can now understand the dilemma of some administrators of nursing homes. They are burdened with so many responsibilities to take care and ensure that people who avail of their services are attended to and such services are sustained long-term. These efforts are also coupled with corresponding financial burden to sustain the expenses that go with the various challenges that confront them. Retiree assistance, funds from the federal government and its subsidiaries may very well support the medical needs of the low-income and medically-needy people, yet the administrators realize that by meeting the demands of their tasks requires more than any management skills, analytical minds or well-rounded experience to go with such tasks. For what the challenges require most of them is that sincere heart to really care for and be concerned with so many people who are frail, chronically ill, and those who are less fortunate who may not have the resources to sustain their respective illnesses as they become old with no one to depend on during their last few years of their lives. REFERENCES Aitkin, Don. Rethinking education continued. Article Retrieved Jan 22, 2009 at: http://newmatilda. com/2005/04/20/rethinking-education-continued Cushner, K., McClelland, A. , and Safford, P. Human Diversity in Education : an integrative approach, 3rd ed. 2000. Experiencing the Difference: The Role of Experiential Learning in Youth Development. Conference Report: The Brathay Youth Conference Orr, D. (May/June, 1999) Rethinking Education. The Ecologist, 29, 3. White, M. (July, 1999). (ed). Experiencing the Difference: The Role of Experiential Learning in Youth Development. Conference Report: The Brathay Youth Conference (Ambleside, England, July 5-6, 1999).

Ethical Issues in Organizational Behavior

Ethical Issues in Organizational Behavior This paper highlights ethical issues of concern in organizational behavior, stressing their importance in organizations and how individual influences can impact on the ethical behavior of their employees.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Ethical Issues in Organizational Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The paper in addition gives a detailed contemporary example of an ethical issue that was reported on Wall Street Journal. In line with its context, this paper addresses major ethical issues that affect organizational behavior through the following three questions: Why ethical issues are major distress in different organizations How individual influences impact on organizations ethical behavior How organizations can influence the ethical behaviors in their employees Ethical issues can split or strongly bind an organization’s employees depending on the consequences or rewards of how the ethical issues are addressed. The unity of employees in any organization or the reverse of it majorly impacts the organizations productivity. According to Kinicki and Kreitner (2009), ethics deals with the learning of moral concerns and choices. It deals with right versus wrong and good versus bad. (p.23). The ethical issues therefore present a complex and daunting tasks to the managers and junior employees alike, for instance a decision involving an ethical issue can influence how the manager will be viewed in the organization. It will either align the employees to a given ethical culture of the organization or present a major decisional dilemma to the management for subsequent misconducts. The ethical issues affecting organizations sprouts outside the organizational set ups and as such all the organizational employee’s conducts, both within and outside the organization can largely influence the performance of an organization and its public image as well.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Kinicki and Kreitner (2009), managers are more challenged to do right things compared to their juniors. Kinicki and Kreitner (2009), further stress that the ethical decisions organizations may take have far reaching multidimensional consequences (p.23). In Kinicki and Kreitner (2009) all individuals have a set of characteristics originating from â€Å"personality, values, moral principles, history of reinforcement, and gender.† (p.25). Individual’s innate nature and private history dictates their ethical framework, implying that it is never ‘a blank slate’ as it was originally (Kinicki Kreitner, 2009). The ethical framework of an individual should however not be fixed. The individuals should have rooms to be influenced either positively or negatively. Since individuals have the tendency to be influenced either positively or negatively, this poses hopeful and worrying emotions when it comes to organizations hiring. This is the main reason why personality and other related tests resembling Meyers-Briggs are vastly cherished in hiring decisions in most organizations. The employing organization can therefore get a clue of where the prospective employee falls on the ethical spectrum before the hiring decision is reached. According to Kinicki and Kreitner (2009), the individuals are faced with both internal and external influences in their organizations, the internal influences the organization poses to individuals includes: organizational structure, culture, size, corporate strategy and apparent pressure for the individuals to give results.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Ethical Issues in Organizational Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Both influences are great and occasionally override the strategies and co des found in the organization (p.25). Taking a practical case of James Murdoch that has recently been in the public domain, his ethical conducts in the alleged cover up at News Corp. a British Newspaper (Sonne, 2012, p.1). Mr. Murdoch faces grilling over alleged illicit reporting tactics. News Corp is believed to have illegally tapped the voice mails of politicians, celebrities and crime victims (Sonne, 2012, p.1). The grilling floats up the ethical conducts and culture of the ‘reputable organization’. The ethical risk Mr. Murdoch faces has major repercussions to the organization’s reputation. Mr. Murdoch’s conducts or role in the scam that raises questions on his ethical conduct is in my views the organizations and his position in the business. The ethical issue however spreads and engulfs him as an employee. This is an evident of how organizations may influence ethical behaviors of their employees. In summary, there are countless facets that affect ethic al behavior. Throughout life individuals accumulates ethical or unethical behaviors that adds up to their personality traits.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The accrued individual’s behaviors later merge with both the internal and external influences in the organization to shape their ethical archetype. References Kinicki, A., Kreitner, R. (2009). Organizational Behavior: Key Concepts, Skills and Best Practices. New York, U.S.A: Mcgraw-Hill Sonne, P. (2012). The Wall Street Journal: Murdoch Faces Media Ethics Inquiry.

3d Glasses Essay Essays

3d Glasses Essay Essays 3d Glasses Essay Paper 3d Glasses Essay Paper Informative Speech November 15, 2011 CMM 101 E General Purpose: to inform Specific Purpose Statement: To inform my audience of two methods used for 3-D viewing. (concept) CT: There are two different methods used for 3-D viewing: anaglyphs and polarization. (chronological) Introduction: (When I was a little girl about 4 years old I had a toy that allowed me to see images in 3-D. The toy was red and looked a lot like a pair of binoculars. I could put different white circular cut outs in, each with a different set of pictures. If I clicked a little orange lever the picture would change. (Marshal Brain, founder of howstuffworks. com, which won him 4 awards including Yahoos best science and technology resource in 2004, explains how the toy I am describing and binocular vision works. The toy is called a view master or stereoscopic viewer. The view master imitates how our eyes already work, by using binocular vision. Our eyes are about 2 ? inches apart giving them slightly different views a t the same time allowing for depth perception. ) (â€Å"People only see what they are prepared to see. † , said classic American poet Ralph Waldo Emerson. Our brains and eyes are prepared to see life in 3 dimensions and pictures in 2 dimensions. We are unable to create a sense of depth perception for TV. and movies because both of our eyes are taking in the same image. (I went to see Lion King in 3-D with some friends. Katie had never seen a 3-D movie before. During the movie I saw something move out of the corner of my eye. I realized it was Katie raising her hand in front of her to touch the images. I laughed and she smiled back at me with a quick shrug of her shoulders. ) I had never really thought about how the producers created a 3-D effect before. Director James Cameron, the first director to produce two movies grossing over $ 1 billion announced, â€Å"Every cinema will be capable of showing 3D movies in the next five years. † While 3D may not yet be this exclus ive, 3-D technology has come a long way. (So how exactly do the images of Timon and Pumba singing Hakuna Mattatah seem to start dancing off the screen? ) We will be discussing two methods of 3-D viewing. First we will look at anaglyphs and then polarization. Transition: We all remember those silly cardboard glasses with one blue lens and one red one. They were used in things like comic books and found in cereal boxes. We could put them on and turn a distorted red and blue blurry image into a neat pop off the page clear picture. I. The first method used for 3-D viewing was anaglyphs. A. Anaglyphs were the earliest method of presenting theatrical 3-D. 1. In 1922 â€Å"The Power of Love† was the first 3-D movie. a. The movie used 2 camera two projector 3-D technology according to Internet Movie Database,developed by Harry K. Fairhall and Robert F. Elder at the Ambassador Hotel Theater in Los Angeles. B. Anaglyph systems do not require much specialized hardware. . According to director and writer Fred Wilder, anaglyphs take advantage of binocular viewing, by secluding each eye to take in a similar but separate image. a. Two images are shown simultaneously on one screen through separate filters. b. The images are seen through two matching filters in the lenses of the glasses. 2. Anaglyphs do not allow for full color viewing. Tr ansition:. According to Forbes and New York Times magazine writer Mary Bellis, who has been writing about inventors since 1997, the Polaroid was invented by Edwin Land in 1948, but didnt become very popular until 1965. After the golden age of 3-D in the 1950s the technology lost its appeal to viewers. People would rather see movies in color. It wasnt until the invention of the Polaroid that 3-D would be forever changed. II. The second method used for 3-D viewing is polarization. A. There are two types of polarization linear and circular, both allowing full color viewing. 1. The major feature polarization allows for is full color viewing. 2. The Oxford English dictionary defines polarization as with the use of an object, physics restrict the vibrations of a transverse wave, especially light wholly or partially to one direction. . Polarized light requires a device of some sort to block the vibrations in all directions except one. B. One type of polarization is linear. 1. Linear polarization uses differently polarized lights to create a 3-D effect, explains John Jerit, owner of American Paper Optics, a 3-D glasses manufacturer. a. Clear glasses with the similar polarization lenses are worn to filter t he opposing light sources. 2. Viewers must keep their heads level in order not to distort the image. a. Changing ones view perspective will cause channels to bleed into each other. C. A second type of polarization is circular. . Circular polarization works similarly to linear polarization. a. A major difference between the two types is the total number of images presented on the viewing screen. b. Circular polarization is the method used for RealD 3-D. Conclusion: 3-D started millions of years ago with the first humans to look around. We see life in 3-D, and now movies, television, and video games too. Now when you go to see your first or next 3-D movie you will know how images fly off the screen. However, you will probably still want to touch the objects flying at you like Katie did. Emerson, Ralph, Waldo. The Essential Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Modern Library, 2000. eBook. Child, Ben. James Cameron expects 100% 3D in the next five years. the guardian. 12 April 2011: n. page. Web. 12 Nov. 2011. Jerit, John. How do linear polarized glasses work?. 3d Glasses online. Centrasource interactive agency, 2010. Web. 12 Nov 2011. LaLena, Michael. Which 3D theater to choose. DIY audio and visual. lalena network, 2011. Web. 12 Nov 2011. Brain, Marshall. How 3-D Glasses Work 18 July 2003. Web. 12 November 2011. Wilder, Fred. Anaglyph 3D know-how. stcroix studios. Fred Wilder studio, 2004. Web. 12 Nov 2011. admin, . Circular polarized 3d glasses vs. linear polorized 3D glasses. 3D cameras review. N. p. , 15 Jan 2011. Web. 12 Nov 2011. polarize. Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010. Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010. Oxford University Press. 12 November 2011 Henderson, Tom. â€Å"How do we know light behaves as a wave. †: Polarization. The Physics Classroom Tutorial. 2011. Web. 12 Nov 2011. Bellis, Mary. â€Å"Polaroid photography. Instant photography. † The New York Times Company. 2011. Web. 12 Nov 2011 â€Å"Trivia: The Power of love. † Internet Movie Database. 2011. Web. 12 Nov 2011.

Pride and proofreading - Emphasis

Pride and proofreading Pride and proofreading It is a truth universally acknowledged that any article on the subject of proofreading is bound to contain its own share of errors. However, we face this potential irony head on, as its a practice worth pushing. And while taking pride in your work is a wonderful thing, it goes further even than that: its a matter of credibility. Take heed of poor Jim Knight, the Minister of State for Schools and Learners no less, whose political blog was revealed in February to be full of typos and other mistakes. After forgetting such schoolroom staple rules as i before e except after c, Mr Knight has announced he must do better and always check [his] work. Shouldnt we all? The trouble is that a speedy skim just before you press send isnt going to cut it. This according to the most popular theory among cognitive psychologists at the moment is because of something called parallel letter recognition. This is the idea that, when reading, we process the individual letters of a word simultaneously in order to recognise the word. This certainly begins to make sense of the odd phenomenon whereby, if the first and last letters of a word are in the right place, the middle can be a complete shambles and chances are youll still be able to understand it. Ltlite wnoedr taht tpyos are otefn msiesd, wulndot you arege? In normal reading we dont actually scan every word: our eyes move in little jumps (or saccades), fixating on key words. But short or commonly occurring words are often skipped. While the eyes focus for milliseconds at one point on the page, our peripheral vision gathers information about upcoming words. We interpret based on what we see, but also crucially on what we expect to see. Familiarity with the context leaves us much more likely to make assumptions about what is written, and the chances of us being familiar with the context of our own documents are pretty high (one would hope). And, of course, spell-checkers are very unreliable aids indeed for a language rather fond of its heterographic homophones (words which sound the same but are spelled differently). For example, ewe/you, to/too/two and there/their/theyre; not to mention such similar formations as tough/trough/though/thought. One contributor to the Big Breakfasts forum once fell victim to this very problem. Vehemently defending a young female presenter from accusations of vacuousness, he vowed to always stick up for her: though thick and thin. Freudian slips notwithstanding, we all want to write what we mean and mean what we write. And, of course, to be able to stand by our work with pride. For even more science on the subject, click here.

How can an oil spill destroy a marine ecosystem Essay

How can an oil spill destroy a marine ecosystem - Essay Example The problem is worth discussing; thus, the given paper will analyze the effect of oil spills on marine life (Smith, 2013). The scale of oils spills is large because besides the officially recognized sources of spills, there are additional pollutants connected with everyday humans’ activity. Much of dirt including oils is transferred to seas by means of storm drains. Natural leakage of oils also contributes to this kind of pollution. Serious harm is done to the world oceans when the large amount of oil is spilt into the sea at once. It is especially dangerous for marine life as in this case the sea does not have enough time to recover. As West puts it, â€Å"Despite massive clean-up efforts following the  Exxon Valdez oil spill  in 1989, for example, a 2007 study conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) found that 26, 000 gallons of oil from the Exxon Valdez oil spill was still trapped in the sand along the Alaska shoreline† (West, n.d. ). When oil appears in the sea, some of volatiles are evaporated at once, while the oil forms a pellicle that swims in the water and can sweep large areas. Certainly, marine animals and fish, which appear near this pellicle, can be impacted negatively. First of all, the species, which live in the water and consume vegetation, can suffer because oil impedes the oxygen entering and prevents water exchange that causes the death of vegetation consumed by fish and marine animals. This leads to death from starvation (Smith, 2013). Animals and birds, which appear in the oil film, smudge with oil, and since oil coating cannot be easily eliminated, they can die from loosing the water resistance of their coats. Flying birds can also be smudged that prevents them from normal flying. â€Å"Some animals are more vulnerable to oil than others. For example, young may be less able to deal with either coatings or exposure to toxic substances than adults due to their size, underdeveloped immune syst ems and behaviors. Marine mammals, seabirds (especially penguins) and  sea turtles  are all particularly vulnerable to oil on surface waters as they spend considerable amounts of time on the surface feeding, breathing and resting† (â€Å"Effects of oil on marine life,† n.d.). Oysters and mussels can be also smudged with oil that kills the animals, which consume them. What is more awful is that these species can appear on our table. Such cases have been already met: some people complained that marine products tasted oily. Thus, not only animals, but also people are in risk to consume marine products smudged in oil. Gulping oil is also dangerous for marine species and can lead to long term consequences including the violation of reproductive function, ability to grow, etc. â€Å"Fish and shellfish may not be exposed immediately, but can come into contact with oil if it is in the water column. When exposed to oil, adult fish may experience reduced growth, enlarged liv ers, changes in heart and respiration rates, fin erosion, and reproduction impairment. Oil also has effects on eggs and larval survival† (â€Å"Oil spills can be ...,† n.d.). Thus, it is clear that oil spilt in the water causes more series damage than oil spilt on land as it is not easy to trace it, and also it can cover large areas due to oil film formation. Animals and birds which

Architecture and Disjunction-book review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Architecture and Disjunction-book review - Essay Example According to Nikos A. Salingaros; an Australian born critic, mathematician and polymath known for his work on urban theory, architectural theory, complexity theory, and design philosophy and a close collaborator of the architect and computer software pioneer Christopher Alexander, the genuine architectural theory must have developed through two ways: the approach based on solutions that work historically and â€Å"not surprisingly, this strand turns to traditional architecture, using its typologies in an innovative manner. Architects ignorant of this strand of architectural theory misjudge it, falsely thinking that it merely copies older models, whereas in fact, it is using a well- developed vocabulary to generate novel solutions.† (Salingaros, para. 5). While the second the approach is based on science. â€Å"Here, models from biology, physics, and computer science are used to explain how architectonic form emerges, and why human beings react in certain predictable ways to d ifferent structures.† (Salingaros, para. 5) Salingaros urges that there can be enough authors, like Christopher Alexander, Leon Krier and Bernard Tschumi, those architectural writings are based on scientific facts and form a nucleus from which the architectural topic can be built and their works can be considered as a genuine architectural theory. He gained his basic education in Paris and then moved to the Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich where he received his degree in architecture in 1969 (Biography, 2005).

The Fair Tax should be Implemented in the United States Essay

The Fair Tax should be Implemented in the United States - Essay Example NSBA was the first small business organization to give a pass to fair tax to apply to all consumers’ goods and services at the consumption final point at 23 percent which is single rate and a retail sales tax that is national. The fair tax enhances the fact that there is the same rate of tax without exemptions and exclusion on every taxpayer. There will be a total tax exemption to those who share on the cost of the government. The tax rate is determined and affected by the rate of purchase. To promote reutilization, the used items will not be subject to tax. In goods and services production, the purchase from business to another business will not be taxable. This fair tax will thus act as a replacement on the federal income tax on individuals, tax on capital gains, tax on self employment, and taxation on gifts and the estates. (Kotlikoff and Laurence, 2005). According to congressional report p 20190, the fair tax of 2003 was introduced to promote fairness, freedom, and economi c opportunity by repealing the income tax and other taxes, abolish the revenue services that are interest, and enacting a sales tax nationally. In another term, the fair tax can commonly be called national sales tax. It is an essential tax reform item and that was unjust to replace it with a tax system that is simple and fairness. 2.0 Explanation of Fair Tax Act The fair tax Act of 2003 would repeal taxation on individual income, taxation on corporations, taxes on capital gains, payroll taxes, taxation on self employment, gifts and Estate taxes in lieu of 23 percent tax on all goods and services final sales. These taxes eradication will bring about simplicity and equality within the US system of taxation. The bill also provides transactions on business to business tax relief. The transactions are not subject t tax on sales including transactions on products and this helps in abrogating double taxation that may arise. Under the bill of fair tax, Medicare benefits and social security would not be touched. To either one of the vital programs, there would be no financial reduction. The trust fund revenue source for the two programs would be replaced by sales tax revenue instead of payroll tax revenue. (United State Congress et al, 2007 p 225) According to Tomlinson Shelly-Ann, (2007), the fair tax act proposed that American would receive a check on money rebate that is equal to spending up to the federal poverty level according to the Department of health and Human guidelines. After the purchase of necessity, the rebate would ensure no American pays taxes. The fair tax act will create fairness and a simpler taxation system and allows all Americans the freedom to determine their own priories and opportunities. The amounts of rebate calculations are adjusted to the inflation account. In order for household to become eligible for the rebate, they would register only once in every year with the authority that administers sales tax. The name together with the social se curity number is submitted by the member of the household. The funds are either a submitted by check via US Email, Electronic fund transfer, or a smartcard which is used like a credit card of a bank by administration of the social securit

Informative or Persuasive Speech Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Informative Persuasive - Speech or Presentation Example They’ve been controversial since their start: People have protested being searched, saying, â€Å"I haven’t done anything wrong. Why on earth are you searching me?† They have been protesting the time it takes and the fact that the body scanner reveals†¦ well, a little more than they ever wanted to show. In the year 2009, airport body scanners were suggested as a way to increase airport security. The unsuccessful bombing on Christmas day was no doubt what scared many airport personnel and travelers in the United States into thinking that they were necessary. Forty scanners had already been purchased for ports around the United States. Some specific airports that had scanners by 2009 were the JFK airport, the Phoenix airport, and the LA airport. On New Years’ day, 2011, we knew that things would be changing for our nation. One of the things that changed was airport security: over 159 scanners have been purchased and are awaiting installment in various a irports. The question is: How would you feel about having someone rush over to you and say, â€Å"You’ve been called out of line. ... This is designed to ensure security, and to ensure nothing is being snuck in the airport. It does not portray a Two-D image of any sort. It does, however, create a three D scanner, which security personnel can use to see whether or not you are sneaking onto the airplane. Our second option is less complex. It’s called the â€Å"backscatter X-ray.† What it does is it takes a 2-D image of the front and back of the individual that is being scanned, and it creates and rotates that movement. The X-ray takes a 2-D image of the front and back of the person. It is much like an X-Ray technology. [Slide X shows the process that the airport scanners go through.] There are many pros to this technology, despite the protests about the scanner. For one, for instance, we are able to see what is being snuck across airplane borders. This is great, because not everyone is truthful with what they are taking across the borders. The airport technology will no doubt help prevent another attack such as September 11, 2011. These airport security scanners are designed to reveal everything under the clothes, preventing anyone from being able to sneak things through. It is able to show both metallic and non metallic weapons. It is also able to show guns, knives, plastic, explosives, and many other items. The body scanners reveal items that a simple pat down would miss. Many people protest the scanners because there are other options. â€Å"Why don’t you just pat me down?† They ask. However, a simple pat down can miss hidden objects, may be against regulations in some cultures, and are known for â€Å"being touching†, something many women have found to be inappropriate. Another alternative – dogs – can only help so much. Swabs can detect chemicals and explosives, but

Number and Apllication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Number and Apllication - Essay Example For class 02/03, the mean of 48.5 means that most of the scores falls somewhere near 48.5. Lastly, for Data Set 3, the median was measured. Both of the classes had a median of 3. This means that the rating of 3 is the middle score when the scores are arranged from lowest to highest or vice versa. Range was the measure of variability for Data Set 1. Since both classes had a highest mark of 5 and a lowest mark of 1, they had the same value for the range. This means that the jobs that the students in the classes being studied took jobs that range from those signified by 1 until 5. For Data Set 2, the standard deviation was measured. For class 01/02, this was calculated to be 20.85 while for class 02/03, it was 21.17. Since Class 01/02 has a smaller S.D. than Class 02/03, this means that there is more variation in scores for the latter. Although both classes had scores that were very distinct, the lesser S.D. signifies less variation. In Data Set 3, the semi-inter quartile was measured. The results of the measure mean that the values of Class 01/02 are from the X-axis than those of Class 02/03. The value of the SIQ refers to half the range, between Q1 and Q3. The pie graphs for data set 1 makes evident that in class 01/02, there is no individual who took up a pre-university or summer job as a skilled or semi-skilled worker. ... The value of the SIQ refers to half the range, between Q1 and Q3. III.A. Charts Data Set 1 Data Set 2 Data Set 3 III.B. Interpretation The pie graphs for data set 1 makes evident that in class 01/02, there is no individual who took up a pre-university or summer job as a skilled or semi-skilled worker. It also shows that majority of the class worked as manual workers. For class 02/03, the pie chart shows that there is no occupation that may be considered as the majority since each of the 5 occupations receive almost the same share. For data set two, the line graphs show how the modular ratings of the students in each class progress. Although there is not particular ranking, the histogram shows that in both classes, there are sharp increases or decreases in the ratings of the students. This maybe related to the high S.D. that was computed for both classes. Lastly, the bar graphs for data set 3 reveal which evaluation rating has the highest frequency. It is evident in both classes that the rating of 3 is the most common rating that students give to the learning they have acquired in the module. Also, the graph for class 02/03 almost demonstrates a bell-shape curve or what we know as a normal distribution. III.C. Standard Error S.E. for class 01/02 = 1.220655562 S.E. for class 02/03 = 0.9 Overall S.E =

Part 2 - Health promotion edit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Part 2 - Health promotion edit - Essay Example Indeed, homosexuals are too vulnerable to be abused by their families, particularity because of the customs and traditions of Lebanese society, according to which people keep living with their families even when they are adult. Once might think that only women are subject to, honor crimes, but homosexuals are also victims of such crimes. Even though different charges and penalties which are issued on imposed on homosexuals and the government attempts to frustrate them, they are still fighting for their rights performing a remarkable achievements supporting LGBT on the social and political class. Indeed, many NGO’s, which call for human rights, placed the issue of homosexuality on their top list. MIRSAD is a governmental and private organization that is concerned with the issues of human rights as they aim to spread awareness on the Lebanese society in order to create democracy and equality. In one of the cases the MIRSAD defended protested against the police operation as they arrested and integrated with the owner of the one of the LGBT website. As a result the MIRSAD was not able to achieve successes as their director was also arrested for protesting (10). However, the organization did not stop supporting LGBT and human right issues. Another organization is Helem, which aim to spread awareness about sexual d isease such as HIV and STIs. Indeed, Helem mostly tend to focus on the right and health of LGBT. In fact, Helem state that their belief is to â€Å"consistently promoted the idea that knowledge is the key to openness, tolerance and acceptance† by educating Lebanese society about homosexuality and their rights. In addition, Helem educates the public and policymakers through offering real data, arranging effective dialogues, events, workshops, lectures and media. Furthermore, with the rejection of the public to LGBT individuals, they created their own private internment environments hidden from the public eyes. Besides the

Number and Apllication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Number and Apllication - Essay Example For class 02/03, the mean of 48.5 means that most of the scores falls somewhere near 48.5. Lastly, for Data Set 3, the median was measured. Both of the classes had a median of 3. This means that the rating of 3 is the middle score when the scores are arranged from lowest to highest or vice versa. Range was the measure of variability for Data Set 1. Since both classes had a highest mark of 5 and a lowest mark of 1, they had the same value for the range. This means that the jobs that the students in the classes being studied took jobs that range from those signified by 1 until 5. For Data Set 2, the standard deviation was measured. For class 01/02, this was calculated to be 20.85 while for class 02/03, it was 21.17. Since Class 01/02 has a smaller S.D. than Class 02/03, this means that there is more variation in scores for the latter. Although both classes had scores that were very distinct, the lesser S.D. signifies less variation. In Data Set 3, the semi-inter quartile was measured. The results of the measure mean that the values of Class 01/02 are from the X-axis than those of Class 02/03. The value of the SIQ refers to half the range, between Q1 and Q3. The pie graphs for data set 1 makes evident that in class 01/02, there is no individual who took up a pre-university or summer job as a skilled or semi-skilled worker. ... The value of the SIQ refers to half the range, between Q1 and Q3. III.A. Charts Data Set 1 Data Set 2 Data Set 3 III.B. Interpretation The pie graphs for data set 1 makes evident that in class 01/02, there is no individual who took up a pre-university or summer job as a skilled or semi-skilled worker. It also shows that majority of the class worked as manual workers. For class 02/03, the pie chart shows that there is no occupation that may be considered as the majority since each of the 5 occupations receive almost the same share. For data set two, the line graphs show how the modular ratings of the students in each class progress. Although there is not particular ranking, the histogram shows that in both classes, there are sharp increases or decreases in the ratings of the students. This maybe related to the high S.D. that was computed for both classes. Lastly, the bar graphs for data set 3 reveal which evaluation rating has the highest frequency. It is evident in both classes that the rating of 3 is the most common rating that students give to the learning they have acquired in the module. Also, the graph for class 02/03 almost demonstrates a bell-shape curve or what we know as a normal distribution. III.C. Standard Error S.E. for class 01/02 = 1.220655562 S.E. for class 02/03 = 0.9 Overall S.E =

The Effects of Video Games on Society Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Video Games on Society Essay Perhaps the most positive way video games are being used these days are in the classroom. Video games challenge students to think and solve problems (Vlasak and Ranaldo 36). These educational games must take on an approach that involves gaming and must also be â€Å"fun. † Suggestive evidence includes that spatial visualization skills improve with video game playing. These skills are the ability to rotate mentally, manipulate and twist two and three dimensional objects. Students with a high degree of spatial visualization are high achievers in mathematics and science. Improving spatial visualization may have a corresponding effect on student mathematics (Dorman 133). Students these days are referred to as the Net generation. Their environment is saturated by media as they spend an average of 6. 5 hours per day engaged with various types of media (Annetta 233). Creating educational games that are centered on human interaction is no easy task. Designing today’s educational video games includes blended motivation and self-regulated learning (Annetta 233). Educational games enable students to learn by doing, experience situations first-hand, and role-playing. â€Å"Gee (2003a) stated that the practice of learning a video game is an enculturation practice that involves not only learning the mechanics of game play, but learning how to negotiate the context of play, the terms and practices of a game’s players, and the design choices of its developers† (Annetta 233). Studies for the negative effects of video games on society highly outweigh the positives. Research has shown increases in aggressive behavior associated with the amount of time teenagers are allotted to play video games. This rise in aggression seems to be due to the parents not regulating the amount of time teenagers play their video games. In a study, teenage girls played video games for an average of 5 hours a week, where boys played for an average of 13 hours a week. The study also showed that teens who played violent video games for extended periods of time are more prone to aggressive behavior, teacher/student confrontation, fights with peers and a decline in academic achievement (Fritz 1). Tips from the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) include managing your teen’s media consumption, limit how long and how often they play video games, and know the rating of your teen’s video games. â€Å"Video games share much in common with other pursuits that are enjoyable and rewarding, but may become hazardous in certain contexts. Parents can best protect their children by remaining engaged with them and providing limits and guidance as necessary† (Harvard Mental Health Letter 3). Boys, more often than girls, tend to play video games for a means to compete and win. The violent games may be similar to the rough-housing that boys are prone to when growing up (Harvard Mental Health Letter 3). In conclusion these video games represent a fad that is extremely unlikely to fade anytime soon. In fact, technology is something that is getting more advanced every day. With advancing technological video games comes more opportunities for positive and negative effects on society as a whole. The key to this advancing technology is education. Get out there and educate yourself about the possibilities of video games.

The Map Generalization Capabilities Of Arcgis Information Technology Essay

The Map Generalization Capabilities Of Arcgis Information Technology Essay Data processing associated with Geographical Information Systems is so enormous. The information needed from this data actually varies for different applications. Specific details can be extracted, for instance resolution diminished, contours reduced, data redundancy eliminated or features on a map for which application is needed absorbed. This is all aimed at reducing storage space and representing details on a map with a larger scale accurately unto another with a much smaller scale. This paper presents a framework for the Map Generalization tools embedded in ArcGIS (A Geographical Information Systems Software by ESRI) as well as the algorithm each tool uses. Finally, a review of all the tools indicating which is more efficient after thorough analysis of the algorithm used and the desired output result produced. 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Definition of Map Generalization As (Goodchild, 1991) points out, Map Generalization is the ability to simplify and show spatial [features with location attached to them] relationships as it is seen on the earths surface modelled into a map. The advantages involved in adopting this process cannot be overemphasized. Some are itemized below (Lima dAlge J.C., 1998) It reduces complexity and the rigours Manual Cartographic Generalization goes through. It conveys information accurately. It preserves the spatial accuracy as drawn from the earths surface when modelling A lot of Software vendors came up with solutions to tackle the problem of manual cartography and this report will be reflecting on ArcGIS 9.3 Map Generalization tools. 1.2 Reasons for Automated Map Generalization In times past, to achieve this level of precision, the service of a skilled cartographer is needed. He is faced with the task of modelling [representation of features on the earths surface] on a large scale map into a smaller scale map. This form of manual cartography is very strenuous because it consumes a lot of time and also a lot of expertise is needed due to the fact that the cartographer will inevitably draw all the features and represent them in a smaller form and also taken into consideration the level of precision required so as not to render the data/graphical representation invalid. The setbacks experienced were the motivating factor for the advent or introduction to Automatic Cartographic Design which is known as Automated Map Generalization. A crucial part of map generalization is information abstraction and not necessarily to compress data. Good generalization technique should be intelligent which takes into consideration the characteristics of the image and not just the ideal geometric properties (Tinghua, 2004). Several algorithms [set of instructions taken to achieve a programming result] have been developed to enable this and this report is critically going to explore each of them 1.3 Process of Automated Map Generalization As Brassel and Weibel (n.d.) Map Generalization can be grouped into five steps. Structure Recognition Process Recognition Process Modelling Process Execution Display The step that will be elaborated upon for the cause of this report will be Process Recognition [types of Generalization procedures] which involves different manipulation on geometry in order to simplify the shape and represent it on a smaller scale (Shea and McMaster, 1989) 2.0 Generalization Tools in ArcGIS 9.3 2.1 Smooth Polygon This is a tool used for cartographic design in ArcGIS 9.3. It involves dividing the polygon into several vertices and each vertice being smoothed when the action is performed (FreePatentOnline, 2004-2010). An experiment is illustrated below to show how Smooth Polygon works. Add the layerfile Polygon which has an attribute name of Huntingdonshire-which is a district selected from England_dt_2001 area shapefile that was downloaded from UKBorders. The next step was I selected the ArcTool Box on the standard toolbar of ArcMap, then I went to Generalization Tools which is under Data Management Tools and afterwards I clicked on Smooth Polygon. Open Smooth Polygon > Select Input feature (which is polygon to be smoothed) in this case Polygon > select the output feature class (which is file location where the output image is to be saved) > select the simplification algorithm (which is PAEK) > select the simplification tolerance. Fig 2.0: Display before Smooth Polygon Fig 2.1: Display after Smooth Polygon The table in Fig 2.1 shows the output when Polynomial Approximation Exponential Kernel (Bodansky, et al, 2002) was used. The other algorithm that can be applied for this procedure is Bezier Interpolation. Algorithm Type Simplification Tolerance(Km) Time Taken (secs) PAEK 4 1 Bezier Interpolation 112 Observation PAEK Algorithm: When this technique was used, as the simplification tolerance value is increased, the weight of each point in the image decreased and the more the image is smoothed. Also, the output curves generated do not pass through the input line vertices however, the endpoints are retained. A significant short coming of PAEK Algorithm is that in a bid to smoothen some rough edges, it eliminates important boundaries, to refrain from such occurrence a buffer is to be applied to a zone of certain width before allowing the PAEK Smooth algorithm to execute. (Amelinckx, 2007) Bezier Interpolation: This is the other algorithm that can be applied to achieve Smoothing technique on polygons. In this case, the parameters are the same as PAEKs except that the tolerance value is greyed out- no value is to be inputed and as a result the output image produced is identical to its source because the tolerance value is responsible for smoothen rough edges and the higher value stated, the more the polygon is smoothed. The output curves passes through the input line vertices. When this experiment was performed, it was noticed that its curves were properly aligned around vertices. Conclusion: After performing both experiments, it was observed that the PAEK Algorithm is better because it allows a tolerance value to be inputted which in turn gives you a more smoothed image around curves and this will be of more importance to cartographers that want to smoothen their image and remove redundant points. 2.2 Smooth Line This is the second tool we will be examining. This is similar to Smooth Polygon technique except that the input feature will have to be a polyline shapefile. The steps are repeated as illustrated in Smooth Polygon but under Generalization Tools; Smooth Line is chosen. Now under input feature (select gower1) which is a dataset provided for use on this report. Specify the output feature > smoothing algorithm selected (PAEK) > smoothing tolerance. Note: All other fields are left as defaults i.e. No_check/Flag Error meaning we do not want it to display any errors if encountered and fixed_Endpoint/Not_fixed which preserves the endpoint of a polygon or line and applies to PAEK Algorithm. Algorithm Type Simplification Tolerance(Km) Time Taken (secs) PAEK 1000 2 Bezier Interpolation 4 Fig 2.2: Display after Smooth Line technique was applied __________ (Before Smoothing Line) __________ (After Smoothing Line) Observation PAEK Algorithm: The tolerance value used here was so high to be able to physically see the changes made. PAEK Algorithm as applied on gower1 smoothed the curves around edges and eliminates unimportant points around the edges. This results in an image with fewer points as the tolerance value is increased. The output line does not pass through the input line vertices. This algorithm uses a syntax where the average of all the points is taken and for a particular vertex, which is substituted with the average coordinates of the next vertex. This is done sequentially for each vertex but displacement of the shape is averted by giving priority to the weighting of the central point than that of its neighbouring vertex. Bezier Interpolation: Just like in Smoothing Polygon, a tolerance value is not required and when this technique was performed in this illustration, points around edges were partially retained resulting in drawing smooth curves around the vertices. The output line passes across the input line vertices. Conclusion: From both illustrations just as in Smooth Polygon, PAEK Algorithm was considered most effective because it generates smoother curves around the edges as the tolerance value is increased. However, the true shape of the image can be gradually lost as this value is increased but with Bezier Interpolation; curves around the vertices are preserved but just smoothed and vertices maintained to as well. Simplify Polygon: This method is aimed at removing awkward bends around vertices while preserving its shape. There are two algorithms involved; Point Remove and Bend Simplify. The shapefile used for this illustration is the polygon (Huntingdonshire) district of England. Select Simplify Polygon (under generalization tools, which is under Data Management tools > then input feature as polygon > output feature> simplification algorithm> smoothing tolerance. Algorithm Type Simplification Tolerance(Km) Time Taken (secs) Point Remove 2 4 Bend Simplify 2 9 Fig 2.3: Display before Simplify Polygon Fig 2.4: Display after Simplify Polygon Point Remove Algorithm: This is a metamorphosis of the Douglas-Peucker algorithm and it applies the area/perimeter quotient which was first used in Wang algorithm (Wang, 1999, cited in ESRI, 2007). From the above experiment, as the tolerance value is increased, more vertices in the polygon were eliminated. This technique simplifies the polygon by reducing lots of vertices and by so doing it loses the original shape as the tolerance value is increased gradually. Bend Simplify Algorithm: This algorithm was pioneered by Wang and Muller and it is aimed at simplifying shapes through detections around bent surfaces. It does this by eliminating insignificant vertices and the resultant output has better geometry preservation. Observation: After applying both algorithms to the polygon above, it was seen that for point remove, the vertices reduced dramatically as the tolerance value was increased in multiples of 2km. This amounts to about 95% reduction while when the same approach was applied to Bend Simplify; there was about 30% reduction in the number of vertices. Bend Simplify also took longer time to execute. Conclusion: It is seen that Bend Simplify is a better option when geometry is to be preserved however when the shape is to be represented on a smaller scale, point remove will be ideal because the shape is reduced significantly thereby appearing as a shrink image of its original. Simplify Line This is a similar procedure to Simplify Polygon except that here the shapefile to be considered is a line or a polygon which contains intersected lines. It is a process that involves reduction in the number of vertices that represent a line feature. This is achieved by reducing the number of vertices, preserving those that are more relevant and expunging those that are redundant such as repeated curves or area partitions without disrupting its original shape (Alves et al, 2010). Two layers are generated when this technique is performed; a line feature class and a point feature class. The former contains the simplified line while the latter contains vertices that have been simplified they can no longer be seen as a line but instead collapsed as a point. This applies to Simplify Polygon too. However, for both exercises no vertex was collapsed to a point feature. To illustrate this, the process is repeated in previous generalization technique, but under Data Management tools > select simplify line > select input feature (gower1) > select output feature > select the algorithm (point remove) > tolerance. Then accept all other defaults because we are not interested in the errors. Algorithm Type Simplification Tolerance(Km) Time Taken (secs) Point Remove 8 7 Bend Simplify 8 12 Fig 2.5: Display after Simplify Line __________ (Before Simplifying Line) __________ (After Simplifying Line) Two algorithms are necessary for performing this operation; Point Remove and Bend Simplify. Observation Point Remove Algorithm: This method has been enumerated in Simplify Polygon. It is observed here that when point remove algorithm was used the lines in gower1 were redrawn such that vertices that occurred redundantly were removed and this became even more evident as the tolerance value increased such that the line had sharp angles around curves and its initial geometry is gradually lost. Bend Simplify Algorithm: This also reduces the number of vertices in a line and the more the tolerance value was increased, the more the number of reduction in the vertices. It takes a longer time to execute than the Point Remove. However the originality of the line feature is preserved. Conclusion: From the two practical exercises, Bend Simplify algorithm is more accurate because it preserves the line feature and its original shape is not too distorted. However, if the feature is to be represented on a much smaller scale and data compression is the factor considered here, then Point Remove will be an option to embrace. Aggregate Polygon: This process involves amalgamating polygons of neighbouring boundaries. It merges separate polygons (both distinct ones and adjacent) and a new perimeter area is obtained which maintains the surface area of all the encompassing polygons that were merged together. To illustrate this, select Data Management Tools > select aggregate polygons > select input feature (which is a selection of several districts from the England_dt_2001 area shapefile I downloaded) > output feature class > aggregation distance (boundary distance between polygons) and then I left other values as default. Fig 2.6: Display before Aggregate Polygon Fig 2.7: Display after Aggregate Polygon Aggregation Distance Used 2km Time Taken 48secs As seen from both figures, the districts in Fig 2.6 were joined together as seen in fig 2.3. As the aggregation distance is increased further, the separate districts are over-merged and the resultant image appears like a plain wide surface area till those hollow parts seen in fig 2.7 disappears. The algorithm used here which is inbuilt into the arcgis software is the Sort Tile Recursive tree. This algorithm computes all the nodes of neighbouring polygons by implementing the middle transversal method in a logical sequence from left to right. When this computation is complete, the result is stored as a referenced node. Now the middle transversal node in the tree is obtained and thereafter a mergence is calculated which spans from the left node to the right node until it get to the root of the tree (Xie, 2010) 2.6 Simplify Building: This process simplifies polygon shapes in form of buildings with the aim of preserving its original structure. To illustrate this, Simplify Building is chosen under Data Management tools. The appropriate fields are chosen; input feature here is a building shape file I extracted from MasterMap download of area code CF37 1TW. a b c d Fig 2.8: Display before Simplify Building Fig 2.9: Display after Simplify Building As shown above, the buildings in (a and b) in fig 2.8 were simplified to (c and d) in fig 2.9 where a tolerance value of 10km was used and the time taken to execute this task was 3secs. As the tolerance value is increased, the more simplified the building is and it loses its shape. The algorithm behind this scene is the recursive approach which was first implemented with C++ programming language but has evolved into DLL (Dynamic Link Library) applications like ArcGIS 9.3 The recursive approach algorithm follows this sequence of steps. Determining the angle of rotation ÃŽÂ ± of the building, computing nodes around a boundary and then enclosing a small rectangular area which contains a set of points The angle of rotation ÃŽÂ ± is set Determining the vertices around edges as regards the recursion used and thereafter to calculate the splitting rate  µ and a recursive decomposition of the edge with respect to those of the new edges. The shortcoming of this algorithm is that L and Z shaped buildings are culprits as they give erroneous shapes while it works perfectly on U and L shaped buildings (Bayer, 2009). 2.7 Eliminate: This technique basically works on an input layer with a selection which can either take the form of Select by Location or Select by Attribute query. The resultant image now chunks off the selection and the remaining composites of the layerfile are now drawn out. To illustrate this, eliminate is chosen under data management tools, the input feature here is England_dt_2001 area shapefile which has some districts selected and the output feature is specified, all other fields left as defaults. From Fig 3.0 after eliminated procedure was taken on the polygon (the green highlights being the selected features), the resultant polygon is shown in Fig 3.1. However the districts in Fig 3.1 now excludes all those selected in Fig 3.0 and this can be seen visually in labels a and b and therefore Fig 3.1 has fewer districts. a b Fig 3.0: Display before Eliminate process Fig 3.1: Display after Eliminate process The time taken for this procedure was 44secs. 2.8 Dissolve: The dissolve tool works similarly to the aggregate polygon except that in dissolve, it is the features of the polygons that are to be aggregated and not the separate polygons themselves. The features are merged together using different statistic types more like an alias performed on them. To illustrate this, click on Dissolve under Data Management tool, select input features- same used for aggregate polygons (features to be aggregated) > the output field (where the result is to be saved) > the dissolve field (fields you want to aggregate together) > statistic type > multi_part > dissolve_lines. The diagram below shows this; Observation: For this exercise, the dissolve field was left as default meaning no field was selected. Also, multi_part was used which denotes that instead of merging smaller fields into a large one-the features becomes so extensive that if this is displayed on a map, there can be loss of performance however the multi_part option makes sure larger features are split into separate smaller ones. Dissolve_line field makes sure lines are dissolved into one feature while unsplit_lines only dissolve lines when two lines have an end node in common. The algorithm for this technique is simply Boolean (like a true or false situation, yes or no). However there are shortcomings with this technique as low virtual memory of the computer can limit the features that are to be dissolved. However, input features can be dissected into parts by an algorithm called adaptive tiling. Fig 3.2: Display before Dissolve process Fig 3.3: Display after Dissolve process Time taken = 10secs 2.9 Collapse Dual Lines: This is useful when centric lines are to be generated among two or more parallel lines with a specific width. This can be very useful when you have to consider large road networks in a block or casing. It enables you to visualize them properly. To illustrate this, open Collapse Dual Lines under data management tools > select input feature (which is gower1) > select the output feature > select maximum width Maximum width (this is the maximum width of the casing allowed that contains the feature to be collapsed e.g. width of a road network) while the minimum width is the minimum value allowed to be able to denote its centric line from. In this exercise, maximum width = 4km Time taken = 4secs Fig 3.4: Display after Collapse Dual Line to Centerline __________ (Before Collapse Dual Line) __________ (After Collapse Dual Line) As seen above, it is observed that when this experiment was performed, those lines in blue are aftermaths of effect of procedure of operation on them because they had a red colour before. However those in red did not change because they did not have a width within the specified maximum width stated. However, this is going to change as the maximum width is increased or a minimum width is set. 3.0 Conclusion From the illustrations shown in this paper, we can see that various forms of generalization tools have their various purposes either in form of shape retention, angular preservation or simply reduction purposes so that a replica image shown on a larger scale can fit in properly on a smaller scale. However depending on the tool chosen, a compromise will have to made on these factors giving preference to what it is we want to be represented after performing the operation. Different algorithms were explored and it is inferred that when polygons or lines are to be simplified, point remove is accurate option when you want to represent them on a smaller scale, however if originality of shape is to be considered then bend simplify algorithm will work best while for Smooth technique on polygons and lines, PAEK Algorithm is better.

Sight Words and Highfrequency Words :: essays papers

Sight Words and Highfrequency Words Sight words and high-frequency words are necessary for early readers to learn because these are the words used most often in reading; these words account for 60% of most print. Sight words are a part of vocabulary that are immediately recognized in their entirety rather than requiring word analysis. By teaching children these words by sight saves them the trouble of attempting to sound them out; this is helpful because many of these words do not follow regular phoneme patterns, such as: some and are. Some other examples of sight and high-frequency words are: the, that, him, and also. Children are exposed to sight words and high-frequency words everyday, whether it is at home, in the classroom, or reading signs on the street. These words are also best exposed through literacy. Reading children’s books is one of the most successful ways for children to learn these important words. Since most first graders are unable to read an entire book indepently, reading to them numerous times a day or week can be beneficial in teaching them sight and high-frequency words. The leading types of books for doing this are predictable books, caption books, and label books. Students learn patterns in context plus vocabulary through reading predictable books. A few examples of predictable books are: If You Give a Mouse a Muffin by Laura Numeroff, Chicken Soup with Rice by Maurice Sendak, and Brown Bear, Brown Bear by Bill Martin. After reading a book such as Brown Bear, Brown Bear you could make a worksheet that involves children’s comprehension of the literacy used. For example you could have your students fill in these blanks, â€Å"Brown Bear, ____________ Bear What Do You See? I see a ___________ bird looking at me.† You can also use caption books, and label books in this way to benefit your students learning of sight words and high-frequency words. Although when using these books, it is important to make sure that your children are not just looking at the pictures or memorizing the text. You can assess them on this by covering up the pictures and showing them the words. Remember your goal as a teacher is for your students to become independent readers. When teaching these words, they should be taught together in isolation and in context.

Types of Conversation Essay -- Communication, Misunderstanding

Question 1: Describe the situation and why the conversation will be a difficult one. This August, during my short vacation back home, I am planning to have a difficult conversation with a former fellow who I have known three years ago while I was serving in the Taiwanese Armed Forces. We were best friends at that time; however, due to a series of misunderstanding occurred in the last month of our service, we stopped talking to each other ever since and eventually became estranged. Now every time when I look back at our withering friendship, I cannot help but feel regret about it. And I am planning to have a difficult conversation with this friend, trying to recover our long past friendship. It will be a difficult conversation for us for several reasons. First, we have not stayed in touch since our discharge from the armed forces. Several years have passed and now it seems imperative that we re-establish an effective communication channel and get to re-know each other in the shortest possible time. Second, when dealing with the â€Å"what happened† conversation, we must manage to revisit all the misunderstanding occurred two years ago, so that we are able to exchange our stories. Lastly, we need to properly and openly express our feelings, a challenging situation that I am not comfortable with. Considering all these factors, I anticipate our conversation to be both a difficult and a challenging one. Question 2: Discuss the what happened conversation. The â€Å"what happened† conversation centers on a disagreement generated by misunderstanding between two parties (Heen et al, p.26, 2010). In such a difficult conversation, we must first understand that it is rarely about getting the facts right, but rather, it is about conflicting percep... ...ore about his story and recognize the misunderstanding involved, but also directly encourage him to reveal more of his story. This will lead to effective communication between us. Second, I must speak for myself with clarity and power, so that I can express what I am thinking and feeling. As I am usually not a confident speaker, some preparations will help me identify the key issues in my story, so that I can give him the whole spectrum of my story during our conversation. I must provide the context and the development of my feelings during those past events to help him understand me better. By carefully examining all the above-mentioned tactics, I found that a difficult conversation is all about communication. By openly expressing my story and actively listening to his story, I should feel confident that I will eventually succeed in such a difficult conversation.